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:link(lws,http://lammps.sandia.gov)
:link(ld,Manual.html)
:link(lc,Section_commands.html#comm)

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fix langevin command :h3

[Syntax:]

fix ID group-ID langevin Tstart Tstop damp seed keyword values ... :pre

ID, group-ID are documented in "fix"_fix.html command :ulb,l
langevin = style name of this fix command :l
Tstart,Tstop = desired temperature at start/end of run (temperature units) :l
Tstart can be a variable (see below) :l
damp = damping parameter (time units) :l
seed = random number seed to use for white noise (positive integer) :l
zero or more keyword/value pairs may be appended :l
keyword = {angmom} or {omega} or {scale} or {tally} or {zero} :l
  {angmom} value = {no} or {yes}
    {no} = do not thermostat rotational degrees of freedom via the angular momentum
    {yes} = do thermostat rotational degrees of freedom via the angular momentum
  {omega} value = {no} or {yes}
    {no} = do not thermostat rotational degrees of freedom via the angular velocity
    {yes} = do thermostat rotational degrees of freedom via the angular velocity
  {scale} values = type ratio
    type = atom type (1-N)
    ratio = factor by which to scale the damping coefficient
  {tally} value = {no} or {yes}
    {no} = do not tally the energy added/subtracted to atoms
    {yes} = do tally the energy added/subtracted to atoms
  {zero} value = {no} or {yes}
    {no} = do not set total random force to zero
    {yes} = set total random force to zero :pre
:ule

[Examples:]

fix 3 boundary langevin 1.0 1.0 1000.0 699483
fix 1 all langevin 1.0 1.1 100.0 48279 scale 3 1.5 :pre

[Description:]

Apply a Langevin thermostat as described in "(Schneider)"_#Schneider
to a group of atoms which models an interaction with a background
implicit solvent.  Used with "fix nve"_fix_nve.html, this command
performs Brownian dynamics (BD), since the total force on each atom
will have the form:

F = Fc + Ff + Fr
Ff = - (m / damp) v
Fr is proportional to sqrt(Kb T m / (dt damp)) :pre

Fc is the conservative force computed via the usual inter-particle
interactions ("pair_style"_pair_style.html,
"bond_style"_bond_style.html, etc).

The Ff and Fr terms are added by this fix on a per-particle basis.
See the "pair_style dpd/tstat"_pair_dpd.html command for a
thermostatting option that adds similar terms on a pairwise basis to
pairs of interacting particles.

Ff is a frictional drag or viscous damping term proportional to the
particle's velocity.  The proportionality constant for each atom is
computed as m/damp, where m is the mass of the particle and damp is
the damping factor specified by the user.

Fr is a force due to solvent atoms at a temperature T randomly bumping
into the particle.  As derived from the fluctuation/dissipation
theorem, its magnitude as shown above is proportional to sqrt(Kb T m /
dt damp), where Kb is the Boltzmann constant, T is the desired
temperature, m is the mass of the particle, dt is the timestep size,
and damp is the damping factor.  Random numbers are used to randomize
the direction and magnitude of this force as described in
"(Dunweg)"_#Dunweg, where a uniform random number is used (instead of
a Gaussian random number) for speed.

Note that unless you use the {omega} or {angmom} keywords, the
thermostat effect of this fix is applied to only the translational
degrees of freedom for the particles, which is an important
consideration for finite-size particles, which have rotational degrees
of freedom, are being thermostatted.  The translational degrees of
freedom can also have a bias velocity removed from them before
thermostatting takes place; see the description below.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Unlike the "fix nvt"_fix_nh.html command which
performs Nose/Hoover thermostatting AND time integration, this fix
does NOT perform time integration.  It only modifies forces to effect
thermostatting.  Thus you must use a separate time integration fix,
like "fix nve"_fix_nve.html to actually update the velocities and
positions of atoms using the modified forces.  Likewise, this fix
should not normally be used on atoms that also have their temperature
controlled by another fix - e.g. by "fix nvt"_fix_nh.html or "fix
temp/rescale"_fix_temp_rescale.html commands.

See "this howto section"_Section_howto.html#howto_16 of the manual for
a discussion of different ways to compute temperature and perform
thermostatting.

The desired temperature at each timestep is a ramped value during the
run from {Tstart} to {Tstop}.

{Tstart} can be specified as an equal-style or atom-style
"variable"_variable.html.  In this case, the {Tstop} setting is
ignored.  If the value is a variable, it should be specified as
v_name, where name is the variable name.  In this case, the variable
will be evaluated each timestep, and its value used to determine the
target temperature.

Equal-style variables can specify formulas with various mathematical
functions, and include "thermo_style"_thermo_style.html command
keywords for the simulation box parameters and timestep and elapsed
time.  Thus it is easy to specify a time-dependent temperature.

Atom-style variables can specify the same formulas as equal-style
variables but can also include per-atom values, such as atom
coordinates.  Thus it is easy to specify a spatially-dependent
temperature with optional time-dependence as well.

Like other fixes that perform thermostatting, this fix can be used
with "compute commands"_compute.html that remove a "bias" from the
atom velocities.  E.g. removing the center-of-mass velocity from a
group of atoms or removing the x-component of velocity from the
calculation.  This is not done by default, but only if the
"fix_modify"_fix_modify.html command is used to assign a temperature
compute to this fix that includes such a bias term.  See the doc pages
for individual "compute commands"_compute.html to determine which ones
include a bias.  In this case, the thermostat works in the following
manner: bias is removed from each atom, thermostatting is performed on
the remaining thermal degrees of freedom, and the bias is added back
in.

The {damp} parameter is specified in time units and determines how
rapidly the temperature is relaxed.  For example, a value of 100.0
means to relax the temperature in a timespan of (roughly) 100 time
units (tau or fmsec or psec - see the "units"_units.html command).
The damp factor can be thought of as inversely related to the
viscosity of the solvent.  I.e. a small relaxation time implies a
hi-viscosity solvent and vice versa.  See the discussion about gamma
and viscosity in the documentation for the "fix
viscous"_fix_viscous.html command for more details.

The random # {seed} must be a positive integer.  A Marsaglia random
number generator is used.  Each processor uses the input seed to
generate its own unique seed and its own stream of random numbers.
Thus the dynamics of the system will not be identical on two runs on
different numbers of processors.

:line

The keyword/value option pairs are used in the following ways.

The keyword {angmom} and {omega} keywords enable thermostatting of
rotational degrees of freedom in addition to the usual translational
degrees of freedom.  This can only be done for finite-size particles.
A simulation using atom_style sphere defines an omega for finite-size
spheres.  A simulation using atom_style ellipsoid defines a finite
size and shape for aspherical particles and an angular momentum.  The
Langevin formulas for thermostatting the rotational degrees of freedom
are the same as those above, where force is replaced by torque, m is
replaced by the moment of inertia I, and v is replaced by omega (which
is derived from the angular momentum in the case of aspherical
particles).  The rotational temperature of the particles can be
monitored by the "compute temp/sphere"_compute_temp_sphere.html and
"compute temp/asphere"_compute_temp_asphere.html commands with their
rotate options.

The keyword {scale} allows the damp factor to be scaled up or down by
the specified factor for atoms of that type.  This can be useful when
different atom types have different sizes or masses.  It can be used
multiple times to adjust damp for several atom types.  Note that
specifying a ratio of 2 increases the relaxation time which is
equivalent to the solvent's viscosity acting on particles with 1/2 the
diameter.  This is the opposite effect of scale factors used by the
"fix viscous"_fix_viscous.html command, since the damp factor in fix
{langevin} is inversely related to the gamma factor in fix {viscous}.
Also note that the damping factor in fix {langevin} includes the
particle mass in Ff, unlike fix {viscous}.  Thus the mass and size of
different atom types should be accounted for in the choice of ratio
values.

The keyword {tally} enables the calculation of the cumulative energy
added/subtracted to the atoms as they are thermostatted.  Effectively
it is the energy exchanged between the infinite thermal reservoir and
the particles.  As described below, this energy can then be printed
out or added to the potential energy of the system to monitor energy
conservation.

The keyword {zero} can be used to eliminate drift due to the
thermostat. Because the random forces on different atoms are
independent, they do not sum exactly to zero.  As a result, this fix
applies a small random force to the entire system, and the
center-of-mass of the system undergoes a slow random walk.  If the
keyword {zero} is set to {yes}, the total random force is set exactly
to zero by subtracting off an equal part of it from each atom in the
group.  As a result, the center-of-mass of a system with zero initial
momentum will not drift over time.

:line

[Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:]

No information about this fix is written to "binary restart
files"_restart.html.  Because the state of the random number generator
is not saved in restart files, this means you cannot do "exact"
restarts with this fix, where the simulation continues on the same as
if no restart had taken place.  However, in a statistical sense, a
restarted simulation should produce the same behavior.

The "fix_modify"_fix_modify.html {temp} option is supported by this
fix.  You can use it to assign a temperature "compute"_compute.html
you have defined to this fix which will be used in its thermostatting
procedure, as described above.  For consistency, the group used by
this fix and by the compute should be the same.

The "fix_modify"_fix_modify.html {energy} option is supported by this
fix to add the energy change induced by Langevin thermostatting to the
system's potential energy as part of "thermodynamic
output"_thermo_style.html.  Note that use of this option requires
setting the {tally} keyword to {yes}.

This fix computes a global scalar which can be accessed by various
"output commands"_Section_howto.html#howto_15.  The scalar is the
cummulative energy change due to this fix.  The scalar value
calculated by this fix is "extensive".  Note that calculation of this
quantity requires setting the {tally} keyword to {yes}.

This fix can ramp its target temperature over multiple runs, using the
{start} and {stop} keywords of the "run"_run.html command.  See the
"run"_run.html command for details of how to do this.

This fix is not invoked during "energy minimization"_minimize.html.

[Restrictions:] none

[Related commands:]

"fix nvt"_fix_nh.html, "fix temp/rescale"_fix_temp_rescale.html, "fix
viscous"_fix_viscous.html, "fix nvt"_fix_nh.html, "pair_style
dpd/tstat"_pair_dpd.html

[Default:]

The option defaults are angmom = no, omega = no, scale = 1.0 for all
types, tally = no, zero = no.

:line

:link(Dunweg)
[(Dunweg)] Dunweg and Paul, Int J of Modern Physics C, 2, 817-27 (1991).

:link(Schneider)
[(Schneider)] Schneider and Stoll, Phys Rev B, 17, 1302 (1978). 
